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| c. 50 BC |
| | Gladiators have metal studs on their boxing gloves, and a public bout is expected to go on until the loser dies | |
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| 49 BC |
| | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 46 BC |
| | Vercingetorix is a prize exhibit in Caesar's great triumph in Rome, but the Celtic chieftain is strangled once the procession is over | |
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| 45 BC |
| | Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months | |
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| 44 BC |
| | On March 15, the Ides of March, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death during a meeting of the senate | |
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| 44 BC |
| | Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir | |
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| 37 BC |
| | Virgil's reputation is established by his ten Eclogues, influenced by the Italian countryside in the region of his birth near Mantua | |
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| c. 34 BC |
| | Maecenas buys a farm for Horace, in the Sabine hills near Tivoli - the most fruitful of his many acts of patronage | |
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| 31 BC |
| | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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